The Quadathlon Cup

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The Quadathlon Handbook — Explorers Division 2026/27

QuadAcademia · The Quadathlon Cup · 2026/2027

THE QUADATHLON HANDBOOK

Explorers Division · Part One: The Curriculum

Life on Land · Eight Subjects · One Connected Theme

A Note on the Doha Pilot

This season's regional round takes place in Doha, Qatar. Some events — particularly the STEM Innovation Pitch — will reflect the local environment: a hot, dry climate where water is scarce and green space is limited. You do not need specialist knowledge of Qatar, but being aware of this context will help you think more practically when those events ask you to design or propose solutions.

This part of the handbook covers what you need to know across all eight subjects for this year's competition. The theme is Life on Land — connected to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15. Every subject connects to this theme in its own way, and the competition will ask you to think across all of them.

Work through one subject at a time. Read each section carefully, learn the key words, and think about the ideas. The eight subjects are presented in a deliberate order — Science comes first, because it gives you the clearest picture of what Life on Land actually means. By the time you reach Music, you will have looked at the same theme through eight very different lenses.

What is this subject really about this year?

Science is the place to start, because Life on Land begins with life itself. Before you can think about protecting ecosystems, managing land wisely, or designing solutions to environmental problems, you need to understand how the living world actually works. This year, you will look at living things — plants, animals, insects, fungi, and everything in between — and learn how they survive, how they depend on each other, and what happens when those connections are broken.

The most important idea in this subject is that everything is connected. A tree does not just exist on its own. It shelters birds, feeds insects, anchors soil, provides shade, absorbs rainfall, and stores carbon. Remove the tree and you do not just lose a tree — you lose everything that depended on it.

The Big Ideas

Habitats

The places where living things make their home. Every habitat — a rainforest, a meadow, a coral reef, a city park — provides what its inhabitants need to survive. When a habitat is destroyed, every species that depended on it is at risk.

Food Chains and Food Webs

How energy moves through a living system. A plant converts sunlight into food through photosynthesis. A caterpillar eats the plant. A bird eats the caterpillar. A hawk eats the bird. Remove any link and the whole system is affected. Food webs are more realistic than simple chains — most animals eat more than one thing — but the principle is the same: everything is connected.

Biodiversity

The variety of life in a place. Biodiversity matters because it makes ecosystems resilient — the more species there are, the more ways the system has to recover from disturbance. A rainforest with thousands of plant species can survive a disease that wipes out one of them. A monoculture crop cannot.

Human Impact

How our choices affect the living world around us. Deforestation, pollution, overfarming, urban expansion, and climate change all alter habitats and threaten species. But human choices can also protect and restore ecosystems — conservation efforts, rewilding projects, and sustainable land management are all examples of human impact moving in the right direction.

Classification

How scientists organise the living world into groups that share characteristics. Understanding classification helps you reason more precisely about the natural world — and it is a skill that runs through the Academic Challenge in particular.

Words Worth Knowing
Ecosystem
A community of living things together with their environment, all interacting as a system.
Habitat
The natural environment where a particular organism lives and finds what it needs to survive.
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food.
Biodiversity
The variety of different species of plants, animals, and other living things in a given area.
Food Chain
A sequence showing how energy passes from one organism to another through eating.
Producer
An organism, usually a plant, that makes its own food through photosynthesis.
Consumer
An organism that gets energy by eating other organisms.
Decomposer
An organism such as a fungus or bacterium that breaks down dead material and returns nutrients to the soil.
Predator
An animal that hunts and eats other animals.
Prey
An animal that is hunted and eaten by a predator.
Extinction
When every individual of a species has died and that species no longer exists anywhere on Earth.
Conservation
The careful protection and management of natural environments and the species within them.
Something to Think About
  • If a species of bee went extinct in your local area, what else might be affected — and why?
  • What is the difference between a habitat being damaged and a habitat being destroyed? Does that difference matter?
Go Further

These links will help you go deeper. Ask a parent or teacher before going online, and always check that a link still works before sharing it with others.

Watch
What is Biodiversity? — Kurzgesagt
A beautifully animated explanation of why biodiversity matters and what happens when species are lost. Clear, accurate, and genuinely engaging.
youtube.com/watch?v=GK_vRtHJZu4
Read
Food Chains and Food Webs — BBC Bitesize
A clear, well-structured overview of food chains, food webs, and what happens when they are disrupted. Includes diagrams and quick-check questions.
bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zx882hv
Watch
The Sixth Mass Extinction — TED-Ed
An accessible explanation of what extinction means at a global scale, why it is happening faster now than at almost any point in Earth's history, and what is at stake.
youtube.com/watch?v=GxiMkHQHOFk
What is this subject really about this year?

Science tells you what the living world is. Humanities asks a different kind of question: what do people do with it? Land is not just a natural resource — it is the surface on which all of human life takes place. People farm it, build on it, fight over it, protect it, inherit it, and sometimes destroy it.

Geography sits at the heart of this subject for the Quadathlon Cup. You will learn to read maps, understand different types of land use, and think about how decisions about land affect communities at local and global scales. You will also encounter the idea of stewardship — the responsibility that comes with being the current users of a place that others will need in the future.

The Big Ideas

Land Use

What land is used for — farming, housing, industry, conservation, recreation, or something else entirely. Different groups of people often want to use the same land in different ways, and this creates tension. Humanities teaches you to think about those competing claims rather than assuming one is obviously right.

Maps

One of the most powerful tools geographers use. A physical map shows the natural features of a landscape. A political map shows human boundaries. A land-use map shows how an area is being used by people. Reading maps carefully and extracting information from them is a skill that appears directly in the Academic Challenge and supports the Sustainable Design Challenge.

Communities and Their Needs

Different communities — urban and rural, wealthy and poor, local and global — have very different relationships with land. Understanding how people's lives are shaped by their environment is one of the most important things Humanities teaches.

Stewardship

The idea that we are not just owners of land — we are custodians of it. Indigenous communities around the world have practised sophisticated forms of land stewardship for thousands of years, often managing ecosystems in ways that kept them productive and healthy across generations.

Scale

The same issue looks different depending on whether you are looking at it locally, nationally, or globally. A decision to drain a wetland for farming might make perfect sense to a single farmer. Repeated across a whole country, it might destroy a crucial ecosystem. Thinking across scales is one of the key skills this subject develops.

Words Worth Knowing
Land Use
The purpose for which an area of land is being used, such as farming, housing, or conservation.
Stewardship
The responsible management of something entrusted to your care, especially on behalf of future generations.
Physical Geography
The study of the natural features of the Earth's surface, including landforms, climate, and ecosystems.
Human Geography
The study of how people live on and interact with the Earth's surface.
Stakeholder
A person or group with an interest in a decision or outcome — someone who is affected by what happens.
Deforestation
The large-scale removal of trees from a forested area, often to make way for farming or development.
Urbanisation
The process by which more people come to live in towns and cities rather than rural areas.
Indigenous Community
A group of people who are the original inhabitants of a region and have a long cultural connection to the land.
Sustainable
Meeting present needs without preventing future generations from meeting their own needs.
Biome
A large naturally occurring community of plants and animals adapted to a particular climate, such as a rainforest or desert.
Something to Think About
  • If a piece of land could only be used for one thing — farming, housing, or nature reserve — how would you decide which to choose? Who should make that decision?
  • What does it mean to look after something for future generations? Is that different from looking after it for yourself?
Go Further

Ask a parent or teacher before going online, and always check that a link still works before sharing it with others.

Watch
Deforestation 101 — National Geographic
A clear and well-paced overview of why deforestation happens, who it affects, and what its consequences are for communities and ecosystems around the world.
youtube.com/watch?v=Ic-empMHuqo
Read
What is Land Use? — BBC Bitesize Geography
A straightforward introduction to different types of land use, urban and rural land-use patterns, and how geographers think about the way land is divided and managed.
bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zx4cjxs
Watch
Indigenous Land Stewardship — TED-Ed
An engaging exploration of how indigenous communities have managed land sustainably for generations, and what modern conservation can learn from those traditions.
youtube.com/watch?v=vLZCOKUJ5_4
What is this subject really about this year?

Humanities asks who uses land and how. Economics asks why — and at what cost. Economics is the study of how people make choices when they cannot have everything they want. Because land is limited and the things people want to do with it are not, every decision about land involves a trade-off. Something is gained. Something is given up. Economics gives you the tools to think clearly about what those trade-offs really mean.

At Explorers level, economics is about building intuition, not mastering technical models. You are learning to ask the right questions: What is scarce here? Who benefits from this choice? Who loses out? What are we giving up by choosing this option instead of another?

The Big Ideas

Scarcity

The starting point for all of economics. It simply means that there is not enough of something to satisfy everyone who wants it. Land is scarce. Clean water is scarce. Biodiversity — once lost — becomes extremely scarce and may become impossible to recover. Because resources are scarce, choices have to be made.

Needs and Wants

A need is something essential — food, water, shelter, safety. A want is something desirable but not essential. When people or governments make decisions about land, they are often balancing real needs against genuine wants, and different people will disagree about where the line falls.

Trade-offs

Arise because choosing one option means giving up another. If a government uses land for a new housing development, it cannot simultaneously use that land as a nature reserve. Trade-offs are not always about money — they can involve environmental quality, community wellbeing, or access to nature.

Opportunity Cost

The name economists give to what you give up when you make a choice. If a government funds a new motorway, the opportunity cost might be the forest that was cleared to build it, or the schools that were not funded because the money was used elsewhere. Opportunity cost makes trade-offs concrete and precise.

Incentives

The things that encourage people to make particular choices. A farmer will grow whatever crop earns the most money — unless something changes that incentive. A subsidy for sustainable farming practices might encourage them to protect hedgerows. Economists study incentives carefully because they explain a lot of real-world behaviour.

Words Worth Knowing
Scarcity
The condition in which there is not enough of something to satisfy all who want it.
Trade-off
The cost of choosing one option instead of another — what you give up in order to gain something else.
Opportunity Cost
The value of the next best alternative you give up when you make a choice.
Need
Something essential for survival or basic wellbeing.
Want
Something desirable but not essential.
Incentive
Something that motivates a person or organisation to make a particular choice.
Resource
Something that can be used to produce goods or services, or to meet a need — including land, water, labour, and money.
Cost
What must be given up or paid in order to obtain something, including non-financial costs such as environmental damage.
Benefit
The gain or advantage resulting from a choice or action.
Subsidy
Money paid by a government to support an activity or industry it wants to encourage.
Something to Think About
  • If a forest is cut down to build a school, what is the opportunity cost? Is the trade-off worth it — and does your answer depend on who you ask?
  • Can you think of something that is free but still scarce? What does that tell you about scarcity?
Go Further

Ask a parent or teacher before going online, and always check that a link still works before sharing it with others.

Watch
What is Scarcity? — Economics Explained for Kids
A short, clear explanation of scarcity, needs and wants, and why every economic decision involves a trade-off. A good starting point if economics is new to you.
youtube.com/watch?v=P6MtHl-YLUQ
Watch
The Tragedy of the Commons — TED-Ed
Explores what happens when a shared resource — like a forest, a fishery, or a piece of common land — is used by too many people without rules or limits. Directly relevant to this year's theme.
youtube.com/watch?v=WYmOrZjBx3s
Read
Needs and Wants — BBC Bitesize Economics
A concise article explaining the economic distinction between needs and wants, with examples and activities to check your understanding.
bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/z4hrt39
What is this subject really about this year?

Mathematics in the Quadathlon Cup is not about repeating procedures you already know. It is about using mathematics to think. This year, the Maths Reasoning Challenge will give you real-world problems connected to Life on Land — problems that involve measuring land, interpreting environmental data, working with fractions and percentages in ecological contexts, and reasoning your way through multi-step challenges where the method is not obvious at the start.

Important note: Mathematics has its own dedicated event — the Maths Reasoning Challenge — and does not appear in the Academic Challenge. Everything in this section prepares you for that event specifically.

The Big Ideas

Measurement in Land and Environmental Contexts

Working with area, perimeter, length, and scale in realistic situations. You might need to calculate the area of a nature reserve, work out how much fencing is needed to enclose a habitat, or compare the sizes of two different land parcels using a scale map.

Data Handling

Reading and interpreting tables, charts, and graphs. Environmental data is everywhere — population graphs for endangered species, bar charts comparing deforestation rates in different countries, line graphs tracking temperature change over time. Do not just read the numbers — ask what they mean.

Fractions and Percentages

They appear constantly in real environmental data. A nature reserve covers 35% of a country's protected land. A species population has declined by two-thirds in twenty years. At Explorers level, you need to be confident calculating with fractions and percentages, converting between them, and explaining what the result means in context.

Multi-Step Problem Solving

When you need more than one operation to reach an answer, and you have to decide the order in which to apply them. Read the whole problem before starting. Identify what you know and what you need to find. Work step by step, showing each stage clearly. Check whether your final answer makes sense given the context.

Estimation and Checking

Undervalued skills that the best mathematicians use constantly. Before you calculate, make a rough estimate of what a reasonable answer would look like. After you calculate, check whether your answer sits within that range.

Words Worth Knowing
Area
The amount of surface inside a two-dimensional shape, measured in square units such as square metres or square kilometres.
Perimeter
The total distance around the outside of a shape.
Scale
The ratio between a measurement on a map or diagram and the actual measurement in the real world.
Percentage
A number expressed as a fraction of 100, shown with the symbol %.
Data
Information, especially numerical information, collected for analysis.
Mean
The average of a set of values, calculated by adding them all together and dividing by how many there are.
Range
The difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set.
Table
A way of organising information into rows and columns so it can be read and compared efficiently.
Bar Chart
A graph that uses rectangular bars to show the values of different categories.
Line Graph
A graph that uses a line connecting plotted points to show how a value changes over time.
Something to Think About
  • A wildlife reserve is 840 square kilometres. A new road will cut through it, removing a strip 2 km wide and 30 km long. What percentage of the reserve is lost? Does knowing the percentage change how you feel about the decision?
  • If you had data showing that a species population had halved every ten years for the last thirty years, what would that tell you — and what would it not tell you?
Go Further

Ask a parent or teacher before going online, and always check that a link still works before sharing it with others.

Watch
Reading Graphs and Charts — Math Antics
A clear, friendly explanation of how to read bar charts, line graphs, and tables — the exact skills you need for data-handling questions in the Maths Reasoning Challenge.
youtube.com/watch?v=IDNvQj4ZMFY
Watch
Percentages Made Easy — Math Antics
Breaks down percentages step by step, including how to calculate percentage of an amount and convert between fractions, decimals, and percentages.
youtube.com/watch?v=JeVSmq1Nrpw
Read
Area and Perimeter — BBC Bitesize Maths
A well-structured guide to calculating area and perimeter for rectangles, compound shapes, and other figures — with worked examples and practice questions.
bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zvmxsbk
What is this subject really about this year?

English in the Quadathlon Cup is not just about grammar or spelling — though both matter. It is about reading carefully enough to understand what a writer is really saying, and writing clearly enough that your own ideas land precisely where you intend them.

The most important habit this subject builds is active reading: asking questions of a text as you go — What is the writer's main point? What evidence do they use? Are they trying to inform me, persuade me, or both? Is there anything they have left out? These questions turn reading from a passive activity into a genuine thinking exercise.

The Big Ideas

Reading Non-Fiction Texts Well

Requires understanding why a text was written and who it was written for. An information leaflet about deforestation has a different purpose from a newspaper opinion column about the same topic. Recognising the purpose and audience of a text helps you read it more intelligently.

Summarising

The skill of capturing the key ideas of a text in your own words, concisely and accurately. A good summary does not just repeat random sentences from the original — it identifies the main point, includes the most important supporting details, and leaves out anything that is not essential.

Persuasive Writing

A strong persuasive piece has a clear position, gives at least two or three reasons to support that position, uses evidence or examples to make those reasons convincing, and acknowledges that other views exist — even if it then argues against them.

Informative Writing

Explains something clearly and accurately to a reader who may not know much about the topic. Strong informative writing is well-organised, uses precise vocabulary, and anticipates the questions a reader might have.

Vocabulary in Context

When you encounter a new word in something you read, work out what it means from the context around it before looking it up. Then try to use it yourself within the next few days. A student who can deploy precise vocabulary will write more convincingly than one who relies on vague general language.

Words Worth Knowing
Purpose
The reason a text was written — to inform, persuade, entertain, explain, or argue.
Audience
The intended reader or listener of a piece of writing.
Summary
A brief account of the main points of a text, written in your own words.
Evidence
Specific facts, examples, or data used to support a claim or argument.
Persuasion
The use of argument, evidence, and language to convince a reader to accept a particular view.
Viewpoint
The position or perspective from which a writer approaches a topic.
Inference
A conclusion drawn from evidence and reasoning rather than directly stated in the text.
Structure
The way a piece of writing is organised — how it begins, develops, and ends.
Register
The level of formality in a piece of writing, matched to the audience and purpose.
Concise
Expressed clearly and briefly, without unnecessary words.
Something to Think About
  • Read a short article about any environmental topic. Write three sentences that capture the main point, one important piece of evidence the writer uses, and one thing the writer does not mention. Can you tell what the writer's viewpoint is?
  • If you had to argue that protecting a forest is more important than building homes for people who need them, what would your three strongest reasons be?
Go Further

Ask a parent or teacher before going online, and always check that a link still works before sharing it with others.

Read
Non-Fiction Reading Skills — BBC Bitesize English
Covers the key skills for reading non-fiction texts: identifying purpose and audience, summarising, and finding evidence. Essential preparation for the Written Challenge.
bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zkgcwmn
Watch
How to Write a Persuasive Essay — Smrt English
A clear, step-by-step walkthrough of how to structure a persuasive argument — position, reasons, evidence, and counterargument.
youtube.com/watch?v=rU4dM0rNaGU
Read
Climate and Environment News for Young Readers — BBC Newsround
Up-to-date articles on environmental topics written for younger audiences. An excellent source of real-world reading material to practise your active reading skills.
bbc.co.uk/newsround/topics/cg7p8nxx4mxt
What is this subject really about this year?

English teaches you to read and write clearly. Literature takes that a step further and asks: what does a story mean? What is a poem really saying beneath its surface? How do writers use the natural world not just as a backdrop but as a way of exploring ideas about responsibility, belonging, change, and loss?

This year, the Literature curriculum focuses on texts — stories, poems, and picture books — where the natural world plays a central role. You are not just reading for plot. You are reading for theme, for atmosphere, for the choices a writer makes about language and setting. A tree in a story is rarely just a tree.

The Big Ideas

Setting

Much more than background. In strong literature, the place where a story or poem happens carries meaning. Writers choose their settings deliberately, and paying close attention to how a setting is described — the words chosen, the details included or left out — tells you a great deal about what the writer wants you to feel and understand.

Symbolism

When a writer uses one thing to represent another. In literature connected to the natural world, a river might symbolise time passing, or the life of a community. Asking 'could this mean something beyond its literal meaning?' is one of the most powerful reading habits you can develop.

Theme

The central idea or question that a text explores. Identifying theme requires stepping back from the plot and asking: what is this really about? A story about a child trying to save a hedgerow from development might really be about what we owe to the natural world.

The Writer's Choices

A writer does not accidentally select a particular word, sentence structure, or image. They choose. Part of reading literature well is noticing these choices and asking why they were made — what effect do they create, and what does that effect serve?

Personal Response

Matters in literature, but it must be supported. You are allowed — in fact encouraged — to have a genuine reaction to what you read. But a response that simply says 'I found this moving' will not score well unless it also explains why, with specific reference to the text.

Words Worth Knowing
Setting
The time and place in which a story or poem takes place, and the atmosphere created by that environment.
Theme
The central idea or question that a text explores, beneath the surface of plot and character.
Symbolism
When a writer uses one thing to represent or stand for a wider idea or concept.
Atmosphere
The mood or feeling created by a text, through setting, language, and tone.
Tone
The attitude of the writer towards the subject — such as sorrowful, hopeful, angry, or detached.
Imagery
Language that creates a picture or sensation in the reader's mind, often using comparisons.
Metaphor
A direct comparison that describes one thing as if it were another.
Simile
A comparison using 'like' or 'as'.
Narrative
The story, or the way a story is told.
Extract
A short passage taken from a longer text.
Something to Think About
  • Think of a story or poem you know in which nature plays an important role. What does the natural world represent in that text — beyond its literal presence?
  • If you were writing a short story about a forest being cut down, what one image or moment would you use to make a reader feel the loss most powerfully? Why that image?
Go Further

Ask a parent or teacher before going online, and always check that a link still works before sharing it with others.

Watch
The Lorax — Official Film Clip (Dr. Seuss)
One of the most famous pieces of environmental literature ever written. Watch this clip and ask: what does the Truffula Tree symbolise? What is the Lorax's role in the story?
youtube.com/watch?v=8ZTqPFAkpNc
Read
How to Analyse a Poem — BBC Bitesize English Literature
A clear guide to reading a poem carefully — looking at language, structure, tone, and theme. The skills here apply directly to any literary text, not just poetry.
bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z2v4kmn
Watch
Symbolism in Literature — Mr Bruff
An accessible explanation of what symbolism is, how writers use it, and how to identify and write about it in your own responses. Directly useful for the Written Challenge.
youtube.com/watch?v=0LqeNXKOJaU
What is this subject really about this year?

Throughout history, artists have been among the most powerful voices in communicating what the natural world looks like, what it means to us, and what we stand to lose. This year, Art in the Quadathlon Cup asks you to look carefully at visual works connected to land, landscape, and environmental themes, and to move from simply describing what you see to genuinely understanding why an artist made the choices they did.

The key skill in this subject is visual reading. Just as English teaches you to read a written text for meaning and purpose, Art teaches you to read an image. Every choice in a painting, photograph, or poster is a deliberate decision. Learning to notice and interpret those decisions is what transforms looking into genuine engagement with art.

The Big Ideas

Composition

The arrangement of elements within an image. Where is the viewer's eye drawn? What is at the centre of the work, and what is at the edges? The composition guides how you feel about what you are seeing before you have consciously registered the content.

Colour

Carries meaning and mood. Warm colours — reds, oranges, yellows — tend to feel energetic, urgent, or threatening. Cool colours — blues, greens, greys — can feel calm, melancholy, or natural. Artists use colour not just to represent reality but to shape how you interpret it.

Artists and Nature Through History

Romantic painters of the nineteenth century depicted the natural world as sublime and awe-inspiring, dwarfing human figures to emphasise nature's power. Contemporary environmental artists sometimes create works that directly address ecological crisis. Understanding that the way artists represent nature changes across time and context helps you see art as a form of argument as much as beauty.

Conservation Messages in Visual Art

Communicate ideas about the natural world to audiences who might not read a scientific report. Learning to read how those effects are achieved — the choice of animal, the framing, the colour scheme, the text — connects directly to both the Written Challenge and the Sustainable Design Challenge.

Looking Closely

The foundation of everything in this subject. Look at a work for a full minute before you try to describe or analyse it. What do you notice on closer inspection that you missed at first? The competition will ask you to engage with visual material carefully and precisely.

Words Worth Knowing
Composition
The arrangement of elements within an image — what is included, where things are placed, and how they relate to each other.
Foreground
The part of an image that appears closest to the viewer.
Background
The part of an image that appears furthest from the viewer.
Tone
In art, the lightness or darkness of a colour.
Contrast
A strong difference between two elements in an image, such as light and dark, or busy and empty.
Mood
The overall feeling or atmosphere created by a visual work.
Perspective
The way depth and distance are represented in a two-dimensional image.
Subject
The main focus of an artwork — what or who it depicts.
Medium
The material or method an artist uses to create a work, such as oil paint, watercolour, or photography.
Visual Communication
Using images rather than words to convey meaning, emotion, or information.
Something to Think About
  • Find a photograph of a natural landscape. Look at it for sixty seconds without analysing it. Then ask: what did the photographer choose to include, and what might they have left out? What does that choice tell you?
  • If you were designing a poster to raise awareness about an endangered species, what one image would you choose and why? What colours would you use — and what feeling are you trying to create?
Go Further

Ask a parent or teacher before going online, and always check that a link still works before sharing it with others.

Watch
How to Read a Painting — The Art Assignment (PBS)
A genuinely excellent short video on how to look at and analyse a visual work — what to notice, what to ask, and how to move from observation into interpretation.
youtube.com/watch?v=lFNMZEVQMGk
Watch
Environmental Art — National Geographic
Explores how contemporary artists are responding to climate change, habitat loss, and environmental destruction through powerful visual work.
youtube.com/watch?v=p6ENpHbFXGQ
Read
Elements of Art — Tate Kids
Tate's accessible introduction to the building blocks of visual art — colour, line, shape, texture, and form — with examples from famous artworks.
tate.org.uk/kids/explore/what-is/elements
What is this subject really about this year?

Composers and musicians have been responding to the natural world for centuries — capturing the sound of rivers, thunderstorms, forests, and open spaces in ways that can make a listener feel they are standing in those places. This year, Music in the Quadathlon Cup asks you to listen carefully, think analytically about what you hear, and begin to understand how musical choices create meaning and atmosphere.

The key shift this subject asks of you is from reactive listening to purposeful listening. Reactive listening is what most of us do naturally: a piece of music makes us feel something, and we notice that feeling. Purposeful listening goes further: it asks why.

The Big Ideas

Programme Music

Music that has been composed to represent or tell a story about something in the real world — often in nature. Vivaldi's The Four Seasons depicts spring, summer, autumn, and winter through different musical moods and textures. Smetana's The Vltava follows the course of a river from its mountain source to the sea.

Tempo

The speed of the music. A fast tempo often creates energy, urgency, or excitement. A slow tempo can create calm, melancholy, or awe. Composers writing about the natural world use tempo deliberately — a fast, darting violin line might suggest a stream tumbling over rocks; a slow, sustained melody played by low strings might evoke the heaviness of a forest under rain.

Dynamics

How loud or soft the music is. A sudden loud passage — a fortissimo moment — can feel like a storm breaking or a clap of thunder. A very quiet, delicate passage can make you lean in, as if listening to something fragile and precious. Many composers use a gradual build from quiet to loud — a crescendo — to create a sense of gathering intensity.

Instrumentation

Which instruments are used, and how. The sound of a solo flute is very different from the sound of a full orchestra. Composers choose their instrumentation deliberately — a solo cello can evoke loneliness or depth; an oboe's bright, slightly melancholy tone has been used by many composers to suggest the outdoors.

Texture

How many layers of sound there are and how they relate. A piece with just a single melody line has a thin, sparse texture. A piece with many instruments playing different things simultaneously has a thick, rich texture. Music about wide open landscapes often uses thin, airy textures to create a sense of space.

Words Worth Knowing
Tempo
The speed of the music — how fast or slow it moves.
Dynamics
How loud or soft the music is at any given moment.
Instrumentation
The choice of which instruments are used in a piece of music.
Texture
The number of layers of sound and how they interact — from sparse and simple to dense and complex.
Melody
A sequence of musical notes that forms a recognisable tune.
Rhythm
The pattern of long and short sounds in music, creating a sense of movement and pulse.
Crescendo
A gradual increase in loudness.
Diminuendo
A gradual decrease in loudness.
Timbre
The distinctive quality of a sound that makes one instrument sound different from another, even when playing the same note.
Programme Music
Music that is composed to represent or tell a story about something in the real world, often a landscape, event, or narrative.
Something to Think About
  • Listen to two minutes of any piece of instrumental music. Write four sentences describing what you hear: the tempo, the dynamics, the instruments, and the mood it creates. Then ask yourself: if this piece were representing a place in nature, what place would it be?
  • Can music make you care about something you had not cared about before? Think of an example — real or imagined — where you think it could.
Go Further

Ask a parent or teacher before going online, and always check that a link still works before sharing it with others.

Watch
Vivaldi: Spring from The Four Seasons — with score
One of the most famous pieces of programme music ever written. Try to hear how Vivaldi uses tempo, dynamics, and instrumentation to evoke the season.
youtube.com/watch?v=6LAPFM3dgag
Watch
Smetana: The Vltava (The Moldau)
This piece follows a river from a small spring to a great river flowing through the Czech countryside. Listen for how the music changes as the river grows.
youtube.com/watch?v=lVmW84SNQRU
Watch
How Does Music Make You Feel? — TED-Ed
Explores the science and psychology behind why music creates emotional responses — and how composers use specific techniques to achieve specific effects.
youtube.com/watch?v=uGCSXFBPMmA

The Abstract Reasoning Challenge does not connect to any of the eight subjects. It does not test what you know about Science, Humanities, Economics, or anything else in this handbook. No amount of subject knowledge will help you directly in that event.

What this event is really about

The Abstract Reasoning Challenge tests pure visual pattern recognition. You will be shown sequences and grids of shapes, and your job is to work out the hidden rule — what is changing, what is staying the same, how things relate — and use that rule to select the correct answer. The thinking required is careful observation, systematic rule-testing, and calm, logical reasoning under time pressure.

The best preparation for this event is not reading — it is practising. Work through visual logic and pattern-spotting exercises regularly in the weeks before the competition. Speed and accuracy both matter, so practise until you can work carefully and efficiently at the same time.

One Skill That Does Transfer

The Habit of Looking Closely

From the curriculum sections of this handbook, the habit of looking closely rather than assuming you have understood something at a glance transfers directly. That discipline — slow, careful, systematic observation — is exactly what the Abstract Reasoning Challenge rewards.

Something to Think About
  • Look at any repeating pattern around you — tiles, fabric, a sequence of objects. Can you describe the rule in one sentence? Now cover part of it and predict what comes next.
  • What is the difference between guessing an answer and working it out? In the Abstract Reasoning Challenge, only one of these will help you consistently.
Go Further — Practise the Event

Ask a parent or teacher before going online, and always check that a link still works before sharing it with others.

Watch
Non-Verbal Reasoning Practice — CGP Learning
A clear walkthrough of the main question types in non-verbal reasoning — sequences, matrices, analogies, and classifications — with worked examples of how to think through each one.
youtube.com/watch?v=rIqz1SBUeQE
Watch
11+ Non-Verbal Reasoning: How to Spot Patterns — Bond 11+
An accessible guide to the most common pattern types in visual reasoning tests — rotation, reflection, shading, size, and number. Directly useful for the Abstract Reasoning Challenge.
youtube.com/watch?v=WJvzXv7YOOU
Read
Free Non-Verbal Reasoning Practice — Bond 11+ Online
Working through timed sets of practice questions regularly is the single most effective preparation for this event.
bond11plus.co.uk/free-papers

Before You Move on to Part Two

You have now read through all eight subjects. Notice how they connect. Science gave you the living world. Humanities showed you how people relate to it. Economics explained why people make the choices they do. Mathematics gave you the tools to measure and reason about those choices. English and Literature showed you how those ideas are communicated and explored through language and story. Art and Music showed you how they are expressed through image and sound.

The Quadathlon Cup is designed around this breadth. The strongest competitors are not always those who know the most about any single subject. They are the students who can move between subjects fluently, make connections across them, and bring different ways of thinking to bear on a single problem.

That is what you have been building in Part One. Part Two will show you how to use it.

QuadAcademia · Excellence in Every Mind

The Quadathlon Handbook — Parts 2 & 3 — Explorers Division 2026/27
QuadAcademia · The Quadathlon Cup · 2026/2027

PART TWO

On the Day

Your Event Guide · Seven Events · Two Days

Part Two is your event guide. For each of the seven championship events, you will find three things: exactly what you will do, what strong performance looks like in plain language, and the one thing to hold in your mind on the day itself.

The seven events are organised into two categories. The Core Domain Events are individual events, each anchored to one of the four cognitive domains. The Integrated Championship Events draw on multiple domains and subjects simultaneously — two are team events, one is an individual academic paper.

Part One gave you the knowledge. Part Two tells you how to use it when it counts.

Core Domain Events
Written Challenge · Maths Reasoning · Abstract Reasoning · Sustainable Design Challenge
Individual events, each anchored to one cognitive domain
Verbal Reasoning Individual
What You Will Do

You will receive a prompt sheet with five subjects — English, Literature, Humanities, Economics, and Science. Each subject has two versions: one for Years 3–4 and one for Years 5–6. Read all five prompts before choosing. Tick the box for your year group. Write your full response in your answer booklet.

What Strong Looks Like

A strong response begins with a clear direction and stays there. It uses ideas from what you have studied — not as a list of facts, but as material to build a point of view. Each paragraph adds something new. The conclusion feels earned. The writing sounds like a real person who has thought carefully about the question.

Remember on the Day

Read all five prompts before you choose. Spend two minutes thinking before you write a single word. The strongest responses come from students who know what they want to say before they begin — not from students who write fastest.

Quantitative Reasoning Individual Show All Working
What You Will Do

You will work through a series of questions across four sections: Number and Proportion, Data and Measurement, Pattern and Structure, and Real-World Problems. Show all working in the space provided for each question. Write your final answer clearly in the answer box. No calculators.

What Strong Looks Like

A strong response shows clear working at every step — not just the final number. The student reads the whole question before starting, identifies what they know and what they need to find, chooses the right method, and checks whether the answer makes sense in context. When a question asks you to explain, a number alone is never enough.

Remember on the Day

Show every step of your working, even when the method feels obvious. A correct answer with no working shown may not receive full marks. An incorrect answer with clear working may still receive marks. Working is not optional — it is part of the answer.

Non-Verbal Reasoning Individual Circle Your Answer
What You Will Do

You will work through a series of visual questions across five sections. Each question shows a pattern, sequence, matrix, or set of figures. Your job is to identify the correct answer from four options — A, B, C, or D — and circle it directly on the paper. Some questions are harder and worth more marks. A worked example is provided on the first page — study it carefully before you begin.

What Strong Looks Like

A strong performance is methodical, not fast. The strongest students examine every feature of a figure — shape, size, shading, position, number, rotation — before deciding what the rule is. They check their rule against every item in the set before committing to an answer. They eliminate: if an option fails the rule on any single item, it is wrong.

Remember on the Day

Study the worked example carefully before you start — it shows you exactly how to think through a question. Work through in order; if genuinely stuck, move on and return later. Do not leave any question blank — if uncertain, eliminate what you can and choose the strongest remaining option.

Spatial Reasoning Individual Top-View Plan with Annotations
What You Will Do

You will receive a design brief describing a specific outdoor space and a real problem to solve. You produce an individual design response on a two-page response sheet: a top-view plan on page one with features labelled by number or letter, and your annotations and justifications on the right-hand side and on page two. You are scored on six criteria: Spatial Thinking and Layout, Design Quality and Function, Feasibility and Constraint Use, Reasoning and Justification, Clarity of Communication, and Originality and Innovation.

What Strong Looks Like

A strong design response takes every requirement in the brief seriously. Every labelled feature on the plan has a written justification explaining why it is placed where it is — not just what it is. The annotations are as important as the drawing. The design stays within the stated constraints and demonstrates genuine thinking about how the space will actually work in practice.

Remember on the Day

Read the brief at least twice before you draw anything. Identify every requirement and every constraint before you start. Use the grid on the response sheet — it exists to help you plan to scale. Label everything and annotate everything. A beautifully drawn plan with no written justifications will score far lower than a simpler plan that is clearly reasoned throughout.

Doha Pilot Note

This season's Sustainable Design Challenge brief asks you to design a wildlife corridor garden — a narrow strip of land connecting two green spaces. Your design must support local wildlife, allow safe student access, and be appropriate for Qatar's hot, dry climate. The Science and Humanities sections of Part One — particularly the content on habitats, ecosystems, and stewardship — are the most directly relevant preparation for this brief.

Integrated Championship Events
Academic Challenge · STEM Innovation Pitch · Quiz Match
Cross-domain events drawing on multiple subjects and team reasoning
Cross-Domain Verbal Lead Individual Paper Five Options A–E
What You Will Do

You will work through a series of multiple-choice questions across seven curriculum subjects: Art, Economics, English, Humanities, Literature, Music, and Science. Mathematics is not included — it has its own event. Each question has five options: A, B, C, D, and E. Record your answers on your separate answer sheet. Questions ask you to recall, interpret, apply, and judge — not just remember facts.

What Strong Looks Like

A strong performance reads every question carefully rather than answering on first instinct. The strongest students use the question itself as evidence — many questions contain clues in their wording that help eliminate wrong options even when the answer is uncertain. When genuinely unsure, eliminate the options that are clearly wrong and choose the strongest remaining one. Never leave a question blank.

Remember on the Day

Work at a steady pace. You cannot afford to linger on any single question — if a question is taking too long, mark your best answer and move on. The Academic Challenge rewards breadth: a student prepared across all seven subjects will outperform one who has gone deep in only two or three.

Cross-Domain Team Event Teams of Four
What You Will Do

Your team receives a design challenge brief. You have a research and planning period to read the brief, discuss ideas, choose your solution, and prepare your pitch using the A3 design sheet provided or a short presentation. Then each team pitches in turn — all four members must contribute. After the pitch, your judge asks questions. You are scored on six criteria: Problem Analysis, Solution Quality, Feasibility, Research Link, Pitch Clarity, and Team Coherence.

What Strong Looks Like

A strong pitch demonstrates that the team genuinely understands the problem — not just what it is, but why it matters. The solution is practical, thought-through, and connected to real evidence or knowledge. Every team member speaks meaningfully. The Q&A is where teams can gain or lose marks: judges will probe your understanding of the problem and the feasibility of your solution, so every team member should be ready to respond.

Remember on the Day

Agree on your single strongest solution before you start preparing — do not try to present multiple options. Divide the pitch so every team member has a defined role and speaks clearly. During the Q&A, listen to the question before answering. A team that stays calm, answers honestly, and admits the limits of its solution will score better than one that bluffs.

Doha Pilot Note

This season's STEM brief asks your team to design a practical outdoor learning space for a school in Qatar that supports local wildlife and reduces environmental impact. Your design must include a nature or habitat zone, a shaded area for students, a water-saving feature, and a safe clear path. It must fit within the specified space and be realistic for a school to build and maintain in Qatar's hot, dry climate. Read your brief carefully when you receive it.

Cross-Domain Live Team Event
What You Will Do

Your team competes in a live quiz alongside other teams. Questions are read aloud and displayed, covering all seven curriculum subjects across multiple rounds. Your team discusses briefly and submits one locked answer per question. Questions are worth different points depending on their difficulty, with higher-value questions in later rounds. The highest score wins. Tied teams face a sudden-death tiebreaker.

What Strong Looks Like

A strong team listens before speaking. The weakest Quiz Match habit is talking before the question has finished. The strongest teams have a clear routine: one person listens and spots the key detail, others check quickly, the captain locks in the final answer. They commit confidently and stay calm when a round goes badly.

Remember on the Day

Decide your team roles before the event starts — who listens, who checks, who gives the final call. Keep discussion short and focused. And enjoy it — this event is designed to be the most exciting part of the two days. Compete hard and stay composed.

You Are Ready.

You have read the curriculum. You know the subjects. You know the events. You know what strong looks like and what to hold in your mind on the day.

The Quadathlon Cup is designed to challenge you — genuinely and deliberately. Whatever happens across the two days — whatever feels difficult, uncertain, or not quite right — come back to the same three habits: read carefully, think before you write, and stay calm.

Whatever happened this morning does not count. Today is a fresh start.

QuadAcademia · The Quadathlon Cup · 2026/2027

PART THREE

How to Prepare

Seven Events · What to Practise · How to Get Ready

Part Three tells you how to prepare for each event in the weeks before the competition. For some events, preparation is mostly about building knowledge — the work you did in Part One is the most important thing. For others, particularly the STEM Innovation Pitch and the Sustainable Design Challenge, you need to practise specific skills that cannot be developed just by reading.

Each event section below tells you what the event really requires, what to practise, and what good practice looks like. Work through the events that matter most to you first — but do not neglect the events that feel easier.

What This Event Really Requires

The Written Challenge is not a test of how much you know — it is a test of how well you can use what you know. The curriculum gives you the ideas and examples to draw from. The event asks you to organise those ideas into a clear, structured written response with a genuine point of view. The two skills to build are: choosing a strong line of thought quickly, and developing it in organised paragraphs under time pressure.

What to Practise

Set yourself a prompt — any question connected to the Life on Land theme — and write a timed response. Start with fifteen minutes. Aim for three to four focused paragraphs with a clear opening and a conclusion. After writing, read it back and ask three questions: Does my first sentence tell the reader exactly what I am going to argue? Does each paragraph add something new rather than repeating what came before? Does my conclusion feel earned or just bolted on? Practise choosing between prompts quickly — pick the one you have the most to say about, not the one that sounds most impressive.

What Good Practice Looks Like

You can write a clear response to an unseen prompt in fifteen minutes without freezing or repeating yourself. You choose your prompt within two minutes. Your opening sentence commits to a direction. Your response draws on specific ideas from what you have studied — not vague generalities — and your conclusion adds something rather than simply restating your opening.

What This Event Really Requires

The Academic Challenge rewards breadth above all else. Questions span all seven subjects — Art, Economics, English, Humanities, Literature, Music, and Science — and range from straightforward knowledge recall to questions that require you to interpret a short extract, read a chart, or apply what you know to an unfamiliar scenario. Students who have prepared across all seven subjects consistently outperform those who have gone deep in only two or three.

What to Practise

Go back through each subject section in Part One and test yourself on the key vocabulary and the big ideas. For each subject, try to write three to five sentences from memory explaining the most important concept in that subject this year. Then practise reading short unfamiliar texts or data tables connected to the Life on Land theme and answering questions about them. Use the thinking questions at the end of each subject section in Part One as a starting point.

What Good Practice Looks Like

You can explain the core ideas in all seven subjects clearly and in your own words. You feel confident engaging with unfamiliar material — a short extract, a chart, a scenario — and extracting what matters from it. You are not tempted to skip subjects that feel harder; you have given all seven genuine attention.

What This Event Really Requires

The Maths Reasoning Challenge is not a speed test. It rewards students who read carefully, choose the right method, show their working clearly, and check whether their answer makes sense. The four sections cover Number and Proportion, Data and Measurement, Pattern and Structure, and Real-World Problems. The hardest questions are multi-step: they require you to make a sequence of decisions before reaching an answer. Building the habit of writing down every step — even when you could do it in your head — is the single most important thing to practise.

What to Practise

Work through multi-step word problems that combine two or more of the following: fractions, percentages, ratio, area, perimeter, scale, and data interpretation. After solving each problem, write a sentence explaining what the answer means in the context of the question — not just what the number is. Practise reading graphs and tables and extracting specific information from them under a short time limit. Use the Go Further links in the Mathematics section of Part One as a starting point for practice resources.

What Good Practice Looks Like

You read the whole question before starting. You show every step of your working without being asked. You check your answer against the context — if the answer to a land area question comes out as 4 million square kilometres for a school garden, you know something has gone wrong. You can move between fractions, percentages, and decimals confidently, and you can explain in a sentence what your answer means.

What This Event Really Requires

The STEM Innovation Pitch is the event where preparation makes the biggest visible difference between teams. A team that has never practised pitching before will struggle even if they have good ideas. The event requires four distinct skills working together: reading and understanding a brief quickly, making a decision as a team under time pressure, building a clear and structured argument for your solution, and presenting it convincingly while handling questions from a judge. You are scored on six criteria: Problem Analysis, Solution Quality, Feasibility, Research Link, Pitch Clarity, and Team Coherence.

What to Practise

Run a full practice pitch with your team. Give yourselves a made-up design brief — for example: 'Design a small outdoor space for a primary school in a hot country that helps students learn about local wildlife.' Set a research and planning time, choose a solution together, assign each team member a part of the pitch, and deliver it. Then ask someone to play the judge and ask two or three probing questions: Why did you choose that solution? How would this work in practice given the heat? What would this cost? Practise answering those questions calmly and honestly. Run the practice at least twice — the second time is always significantly better than the first.

What Good Practice Looks Like

Your team can read a brief and agree on a solution within fifteen minutes. Every team member has a clear role in the pitch and knows what they are responsible for saying. When the judge asks a difficult question, the team listens before responding and gives an honest, specific answer rather than a vague one. Your solution addresses every required element in the brief and stays within the stated constraints. You can explain clearly why you chose your solution over alternatives you considered.

Preparing for the Doha Brief Specifically

The Doha STEM brief asks you to design an outdoor learning space for a school in Qatar that supports local wildlife and reduces environmental impact. Think about Qatar's climate — hot, dry, limited rainfall — and what it means for plant selection, shade, and water use. Think about what 'local wildlife' means in a desert environment. The Science and Humanities sections of Part One will help you here. The more specifically you understand the environmental context, the stronger your Problem Analysis score will be.

What This Event Really Requires

The Sustainable Design Challenge asks you to produce a top-view plan of an outdoor space on a grid-based response sheet, with all features labelled and each label matched to a written annotation explaining why that feature is placed where it is. You work alone. You are scored on six criteria: Spatial Thinking and Layout, Design Quality and Function, Feasibility and Constraint Use, Reasoning and Justification, Clarity of Communication, and Originality and Innovation. The annotations carry a combined 45% of the marks — this is not primarily a drawing test.

What to Practise

Set yourself a simple design challenge at home: draw a top-view plan of a small outdoor space from scratch on squared paper. It could be a garden, a school courtyard, or a park corner. Label each feature with a number or letter, then write a sentence for each one explaining why it is placed where it is — not just what it is, but why. Focus especially on justifying spatial decisions: why is the path there and not somewhere else? Why is that zone placed near the entrance? Then read your annotations and ask: would someone who has never seen my plan understand exactly why each decision was made?

What Good Practice Looks Like

You can produce a clear, labelled top-view plan on a grid within a set time. Every label on your plan has a corresponding written justification that explains the reasoning, not just the description. Your design addresses every requirement in the brief and does not exceed any stated constraint. You have thought about how people and wildlife will actually move through and use the space — not just what looks good on paper.

What This Event Really Requires

The Abstract Reasoning Challenge does not test curriculum knowledge. It tests the ability to identify hidden rules in visual sequences and matrices accurately and under time pressure. The five sections cover: figure sequences, classifications, analogies, matrices, and odd-one-out questions. The most common mistake students make is answering on first impression rather than checking their rule against every item in the set. A rule that looks right after checking two items may break down on the third.

What to Practise

Work through non-verbal reasoning practice questions regularly — ideally a short set every few days in the weeks before the competition rather than a large block all at once. For each question, practise naming the rule explicitly before choosing your answer: 'The shape rotates 90 degrees clockwise each step and the shading alternates.' Check that rule against every figure before committing. Use the Go Further links in the Abstract Reasoning section of Part One for free practice resources. Aim to build speed and accuracy together — speed without accuracy in this event scores poorly.

What Good Practice Looks Like

You can identify the rule in most questions before looking at the answer options. You check your rule against every item in the set before choosing. When a question has more than one rule operating simultaneously — which the harder questions always do — you can identify both. You are not rattled by questions that take longer than expected; you move on calmly and return if time allows.

What This Event Really Requires

The Quiz Match is a live event that rewards speed, accuracy, and team coordination simultaneously. It covers all seven curriculum subjects. Questions range from straightforward recall to questions requiring quick interpretation of a short text, chart, or image. The event is deliberately fast-paced — teams that over-discuss or change their answer at the last second without good reason consistently lose points to teams that commit quickly and accurately.

What to Practise

Run short timed quizzes with your team using questions from across all seven subjects covered in Part One. Keep each question to a strict time limit — agree on an answer together and commit to it. Decide your team roles before you practise: who listens first, who checks, who gives the final answer. Practise those roles consistently so they become automatic. Also practise working with visual rounds: look at a chart or short extract together and answer a question about it within a short time limit. The habit of listening before speaking is the most important single thing to build.

What Good Practice Looks Like

Your team has clear roles and everyone knows theirs. You do not all speak at once. Your captain commits to answers confidently rather than hesitating under pressure. When a round goes badly, the team stays calm and focuses on the next question rather than dwelling on what went wrong. Your broad preparation across all seven subjects means no subject section of the quiz feels like unfamiliar territory.

Preparation is Practice, Not Just Reading.

For most events, the students who perform best are not those who know the most. They are those who have turned their knowledge into a habit — the habit of thinking clearly under pressure, committing to decisions, and staying composed when something feels difficult.

That habit is built through practice, not through reading. Write timed responses. Draw timed plans. Run pitch rehearsals with your team. Do timed quiz rounds. Come to the competition having done the thing, not just having read about it.

Part One gave you the knowledge. Part Two will guide you on the day. Part Three is the bridge between them — and you have to build it yourself.

QuadAcademia · Excellence in Every Mind